Interior Monologue in Ulysses

Despite the various parallels and connections between Homer's Odyssey and Jockey's Ulysses, It is Jockey's determination and arrangement of his novel that sets it apart from Homers mythological poem. Dissimilar to Homers Odyssey, Ulysses Is set In the city of Dublin on the 16th of June 1904. For Joyce, this particular date held a great amount of sentimental value as it was the day of his first date with his future wife thus questioning the idea of Joyce injecting a hint of romanticism by commemorating that particular date into a novel that has been described as vulgar and a work of blasphemy.Ulysses develops over the space of twenty-four hours and despite the novels small time frame the countless events and occurrences that the characters encounter are described in-depth and often quite humorously. Jockey's main intentions for his novel were to make it, in his opinion, as realistic as possible, to ‘give a picture of Dublin so complete that If the city one day suddenly disappear ed from the earth it could be reconstructed out of my book (A Portrait of The Artist As A Young Man, pig. 0). To emphasis the element of realism Joyce described the characters as visiting authentic Dublin landmarks and establishments such as Dad Byre's pub and a Marcello Tower In Sandstone, Dublin. It Is through Jockey's element of realism, he overall structure and the multiple modes of writing of his novel that suggests Ulysses is a significant conspicuous piece of modernist literature in its own right.In Ulysses Joyce discards the traditionalist convention of maintaining a narrative throughout the entirety of his novel by persistently introducing other styles of writing episode by episode. Joyce continuously alters the narrator and the protagonist of the novel along with the style of how each chapter is written switching from a conventional narrative of maintaining one solitary hero or protagonist to swapping around the central characters throughout several episodes. Furthermore, throughout each Individual episode numerous themes are Introduced such as death. Hysterics and sexual desire. As the novel progresses and the protagonists and methods of writing change the characters' accounts of what has appeared to be everyday mundane actions, seen in the opening episodes, become more detailed and complex as they Interact more with the Inhabitants of Dublin and their surroundings. Wealth the opening episode Telemeters it would appear that the novel is following the traditional narrative writing regime as on first impressions what appears to be the protagonist of the novel, Stephen Deals is introduced.Stephen is a familiar character as he is depicted as the aging and maturing central character In Jockey's A Portrait of The Artist as a Young Man. Through the opening chapters of Ulysses It would seem to be following the same routine as Jockey's previous work concerning the 1 OFF connecter AT Stephen as Ulysses Tolls Stepson's every clay, Toulouse octagons sun as eati ng breakfast and shaving, ‘He laid the brush aside and, laughing with delight†¦ Began to shave with care', (pig. ). The narrative throughout Telemeters conventionally follows A Portrait of The Artist as a Young Man as Joyce is associating is narrative with internal monologue depicting Stephens inner voice and stream of consciousness as he performs everyday tasks. This is further reinforced in Nester where Stephen is undertaking his role as a teacher. Joyce is continuing his narrative through Stephens internal monologue but here a different theme is introduced.In the previous episode the reader sees Stephen and his friend Buck Mulligan undergo their morning routine but it is in Nester where Joyce introduces a catechist style of writing through Stephen teaching his class History and English declaring that history s, ‘a nightmare from which I am trying to awake', (pig. 27) to which the school headmaster Mr. Ideas responds, ‘all human history moves towards one gre at goal, the manifestation of God', (pig. 7) which ultimately refers to Stephens endless search for a father in a religious and spiritual sense noticeably mirrored with Homer's poem. Joyce remains within the inner voice consciousness that has previously been presented in the introductory episodes but it is in Calypso where the narrative is altered as an entirely different type of consciousness is presented through the character Leopold Bloom. Joyce depicts Bloom as a modernized bourgeois Odysseus developed and adapted to enhance his twentieth century revolutionary novel.Opposing to episodes such as Telemeters and Nester and characters such as Stephen and Buck, it is in Calypso where Joyce presents the reader with a more detailed account of a particular character even going to the extent of describing his innate love for food; ‘Mr. Leopold Bloom ate with relish the inner organs of beasts and fowls. He liked thick giblet soup, nutty gizzards, a stuffed roast heart, liver slices fried with crust crumbs, fried honchos' roes.Most of all he liked grilled mutton kidneys which gave to his palate a fine tang of faintly scented urine. ‘ (pig. 40). It is Jockey's description of Bloom's excessive appetite and love for food that initiates the awareness that Joyce is purposely making Bloom's gluttony undeniably apparent which is the first indication that the character of Bloom is to be vulgar and discourteous which further opposes Jockey's descriptions and details illustrated in the preceding episodes.As Bloom's detailed characterization continues he becomes increasingly uncouth, ‘By word and deed he frankly encouraged a nocturnal strumpet o deposit fecal and other matter in an unsanitary outhouse attached to empty premises', (pig. 369). Joyce differs from his previous style of writing by shifting the subjects to which his characters embrace, the respectable characteristics of Stephen observed and depicted in earlier episodes are disregarded as he introduc es the character of Bloom who is described as a ‘perverted Jew, (pig. 52) and the contrasting characters sexual nature and desire remain prominent throughout the course of the novel, the dark tangled curls of his bush floating, floating hair of the stream around the limp father of thousands, a languid floating flower', (pig. 3). Bloom's narrative is similar to that of Stephens in the sense that it illustrates every day actions and events in a mundane manner yet it is Bloom's account that involves complex and in-depth detail.Furthermore, it is through the altered narrative presenting Bloom's consciousness opposed to that of Stephens and through the ratter vulgar connecter AT Bloom, Joyce Is addle to tackle matters en NAS not Tormenter addressed such as bodily functions and sexual desires. Despite Bloom's vulgarity and his erotic thoughts and desires and the fact that he lacks the conventional heartsickness of Stephen it becomes evident that Bloom does have a high level of moral standing.When Bloom and Stephen are wandering through the streets of Bloom becomes a provisional father figure to Stephen during his search for a higher being as Bloom's description of Stephen, ‘l know him. He's a gentleman, a poet' (pig. 393) validates the respect and admiration the two men have for each other. Additionally, when his wife Molly is revealed as an adulterer he remains faithful and loyal to their marriage. Molly Bloom is additional character Joyce uses to depict another style of narration. Her soliloquy is illustrated in Penelope, the final episode of Jockey's Ulysses.Dissimilar to her husband and Stephen being parallel to Homer's mythological Greek characters, ironically Molly opposes the faithful and devoted character of Penelope supposedly her twentieth century counterpart. Throughout Jockey's novel it is Bloom that provides the main depiction of the character of Molly through his thoughts and opinions towards her ultimately giving the reader her characteriz ation from a male point of view, Penelope is the first encounter where Molly and Bloom's relationship is viewed from her perspective.Joyce stylists Molly's interior monologue described throughout the final eighteenth episode entirely different to those observed in the preceding episodes. Joyce composes Molly's lamentation out of eight extensive elongated sentences with barely any punctuation enabling the reader to become enthralled by her intense and exasperated thoughts revealing yet another varying from of Jockey's writing style; Yes†¦ Was a Flower of the mountain yes when I put the rose in my hair like the Andalusia girls used or shall I wear a red yes and how he kissed me under the Moorish wall and I thought well as well him as another and then I asked him with y eyes to ask again yes and then he asked me would I yes to say yes my mountain flower and first I put my arms around him yes and drew him down to me so he could feel my breasts all perfume yes and his heart was goin g like mad and yes I said yes I will yes. ‘ (pig. 25) Jockey's style of writing in the final episode distinctively differs from other episodes in Ulysses as it offers an eagerly anticipated understanding of Molly's sentiments. During her intense dialogue she continuously alternates from one subject to another and the lack of punctuation powerfully accentuates her perception and awareness of her own character flaws. Molly constantly repeats, begins and ends with the word, yes' to which Joyce describes as the female word' ultimately giving a character that has not held her own narrative throughout the novel, but has been portrayed by other characters, the closing statement in Ulysses.At first glance the opening pages of Ulysses depict a false allusion of what is to succeed throughout the remaining pages of Jockey's paramount novel. Through what appears to be the initial protagonist Stephens interior monologue illustrating his routine and monotonous every day actions whilst wande ring in and around the City f Dublin in search of a divine being, abruptly changes with Jockey's sudden introduction of the character of Leopold Bloom.The central character shifts from straight-laced Stephen to the crude and comical Bloom. Jockey's adjustment to Bloom incorporates an entirely different style and mode of writing for he dives into Blooms conversational tongue Nils In-patent Ana meticulous ascription AT Nils credentials, social class and background. In a further change of narration Molly Bloom is appointed her own individual episode comprised of a soliloquy presented exclusively by herself exhibiting Jockey's attitude towards feminism and the female mind.It is through Jockey's multiple styles of writing and his modern interpretation of Homer's Odyssey and the insertion of realism that Ulysses is viewed as one of the greatest works of modern literature and a landmark piece of avian-garden Irish writing due to its radical subjects and incidences, specifically the descrip tions of bodily functions, explicit sexual encounters and Jockey's use of profanity. The concept of Ulysses being a profound work of literature is further reinforced by Jockey's revolt against the traditional forms of narrative prose which had been the mainstream style of writing during the literary world throughout Jockey's era.Choosing to break free from the traditionalist narrative approach Joyce presents an innovative and contemporary style of writing as each episode of the somewhat taboo novel reveals a different account of what Joyce himself describes as everyday Irish life depicted through multiple styles. It is through his multiple styles of writing demonstrated entirely differently throughout each episode that make Ulysses surpass other works of its kind. James Jockey's A Portrait of The Artist As A Young Man, Bloom, Harold. New York: Chelsea House, 1988. Ulysses, Joyce, J. The Echo Library 2009. Lecture and seminar notes have also been used.

Reward Impacts on Job Satisfaction

Reward means giving or receiving something for a desirable effort or behavior. In this essay, impacts of external rewards will be discussed, such as privileges, money and other incentive. Using reward policy could be beneficial to organizations as well as employees. As a matter of fact there are a lot of evidence that have been provided by researchers, which show the direct relation between reward, performance and job satisfaction. In contrast, punishment is found necessary to apply in order to balance the strategy. This essay will compare the use of reward and punishment as well as ageing how incentive is to apply reward strategy within the organization. The essay is divided into two parts: first it will show the impact of reward on the employee’s job satisfaction as well as performance. Secondly, how reward will fortify the sense of competition and productivity among the employees. Ultimately, the essay concludes that the reward has positive effect on the employee’s performance within an organization. Every organization’s success is so dependent on its staff performance and therefore, keeping those employees motivated should be in the organization priority’s list. Much research has been conducted to explore the relationship between reward and performance. kilman(1989) found positive relation is so perceivable between reward and performance, however it was more specific in management . † More specifically, the reward system should be aligned to motivate employee performance that is consistent with the firm's strategy†, (Galbraith, 1973 Journal of Organizational Change Management, Vol. 4 No. 2, 2001, p. 114). Lazear (2000) shows significant positive effects of incentive pay on productivity (in the range of a 44-percent gain) in his unique dataset of a firm. These finding are all practical, reliable and applicable for organizations, hence employee’s level of performance can be increased by applying contingent reward in the organization’s strategy. Performance by employees is crucial to organization, so as employee job satisfaction, which is one of the incentive that helps to increase the employees to performance as well as encouraging them to focus more on their job. Like performance, employee’s job satisfaction can be increased by applying rewards. (Ritz,scott and cherrington, 1971). The reward can not increase the performance all the time but it always will increase the job satisfaction, therefore, based on the researches we could assume that the reward will fortify the employee’s satisfaction and since it benefits the organization by making its employee more committed and focus on their job, ultimately the organization’s yield will increase.

Growth of Convention Centers across the Country Essay

Growth of Convention Centers across the Country - Essay Example In the United States of America, convention center is becoming a part and parcel of every day life. The recent mushrooming of convention centers in every nook and corner of the country itself is a proof of its fast development and necessity. In simple terms convention center is a large meeting place where formal business and professional meetings, conferences etc. are arranged. According to Atlantic City Convention Center, convention center is the "Facility designed to accommodate multiple group s or extremely large groups; exhibit halls; meeting rooms, ball rooms or banquet space; no sleeping rooms." (Glossary of Terms. Convention Center, 2007). The logic behind conducting business and other formal meetings in a convention center is that it is common place where people from different parts of the country/world can reach and assemble in a common place which is convenient to all. Originally convention centers were designed for formal business meeting, conferences. In contrast to this, modern convention centers are being used for a number of occasions including social events such as marriages, family get-together and as parking place for tourists. The spurt of tourism development the world over has made a great fillip for convention centers and they have grown in such a way that both are complementary to each other. Convention centers enable the development of tourism industry in a big way by attracting both domestic and international travelers. They have become a vital element in the tourism industry as some customers specify the name of convention centers where they would like to stay and enjoy their leisure time. It is a co mmon fact that MICE industry has no existence without convention center. The letter 'c' in the acronym stands for convention. That itself reflects that convention center enhances the scope of MICE industry and that they are complementary to each other. Another group of beneficiary of convention centers is corporate. Conducting meeting and conferences at convention center has become the order of the day among corporate people not only because of convenience but for prestige issue as well. Corporate have regular meeting, conferences and events like product launching and all these are being happened at some important convention center. Convention centers have emerged as a focal point in an intense competition among cities for a share of the economically important meetings and exhibition market. In a nut shell, convention centers have grown to become a crucial element of social, professional and corporate life. Their contributions to these various segments are priceless and remarkable. Evolution of Convention Centers in United States of America: The American communities have experienced a sudden growth of convention centers and it facilities over the last two decades. The country had 193 convention centers in the year 1986 offering minimum 25,000 square feet of exhibit space. The number rose to 254 and 322 by 1996 and 2006 consecutively. Their exhibition space also rose by 150 percent increase. The amount of investment put up by the state and local government in the year 1993 alone was $23.2 billion. (Sanders, 2007, p.2). The spurt in the development in the sector has made the giants like Chicago's McCormick and Las Vegas to enhance their exhibit space. The government has been financially supportive to pen new centers and

Business Ethics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 1

Business Ethics - Essay Example People also differ on how businesses should approach diversity efforts. Some say that firms should manage diversity for legal compliance, while others assert for greater proactive initiatives (Eagley and Carli 110; Sandel 169). I believe that businesses should go beyond following laws that prohibit discrimination, and instead, they should exceed the requirements of the law and actively encourage diversity as the new ethical business strategy, because promoting diversity is a â€Å"common good† and provides multiple benefits for concerned stakeholders. Businesses have a moral obligation to promote diversity as a common good. Firms understandably aim to reduce costs and maximize profits, because those are some of the obvious purposes of having a business. Companies aim to turn profits, so that they can grow either locally or internationally and improve shareholder wealth. However, past and present experiences have shown that these goals should not be the only aims of businesses, because they should also be held accountable for the social, economic, environmental, cultural, and political consequences of their actions. They should be aware that the Machiavellian principle is not always ethical; not all means justify the end. For instance, it is not right to prefer promoting male candidates, because of the belied that women are often divided between family and work roles and responsibilities, and so they may be less reliable than men. It is not also right to hire female workers and pay them less than male counterparts, so that the company can save money. Companies should also be responsible for promoting and contributing to the â€Å"common good† and they can do this through seeing diversity as an ethical business strategy for their good and the good of society. The common good represents what is good for the society in general and not only for individuals. In Chapter 7, Sandel argues for affirmative action. He stresses that affirmative action can serv e the common good, because it corrects the testing gap, balances the wrongs of the past, and supports diversity (169). There is evidence that standardized tests are possibly biased. The Scholastic Aptitude Test (SAT) and other standardized tests are disputed for not being able to accurately predict academic and professional success, as well as measure different forms of intelligence (Sandel 169). Martin Luther King, Jr. had mediocre scores on the Graduate Record Exam (GRE) and even scored below average in verbal aptitude (Sandel 169). Studies also show that African Americans and Hispanics generally score lower than white students in standardized tests and scholars argue that test scores should also be properly interpreted in the context of the students’ social, family, cultural, and educational conditions (Sandel 169). In the same way, firms should also promote diversity, because standardized HR practices and measures are not always fair to minorities. In â€Å"Women and the Labyrinth of Leadership,† Eagley and Carli describe the labyrinth of challenges for women in and vying for leadership positions. They reveal that only 6% of the top positions in corporations on the Fortune 500 list belong to women with only 2% holding the position of CEO (Eagley and Carli 105). They argue that the main causes of gender gap in leadership positions are not the â€Å"glass ceilings,† but because organizations have created a â€Å"labyrinth† for female employees. Firms can address this by changing norms, values, and

What is the purpose of fashion Does this help or harm humans Essay

What is the purpose of fashion Does this help or harm humans - Essay Example , it would be easy to get â€Å"important information (or misinformation) as to†¦occupation, origin, personality, opinions, tastes, sexual desires and current mood† (Lurie, 184). This way, fashion becomes a channel through which the individual communicates to the world, without the use of the language of words. Additionally, the purpose of fashion is to influence the world, through portraying to others, what a person would like the world to know about him/her, or the way the individual would like to be viewed by others. Consequently, since the language of fashion is understood by the world, â€Å"if clothing is a language, it must have a vocabulary and a grammar like other languages† (Lurie, 185). Further, fashion also plays the role of separating an individual from the others, considering that when an individual is dressed in a typical way that the others perceive to be different, the individual is already differentiated from the masses. In this regard, fashion se rves as a means of promoting individuality. Unfortunately, in reality, fashion has had some harm on humans, considering that rather than fashion conforming to individuals; it is the individuals who have been forced to conform to fashion. This is because; â€Å"in fashion classrooms and design studios, the human figure is proportioned to emphasize the clothing, not the body† (Herman, 2). Thus, fashion has been established by the designers with an artistic perception of people, such that it conforms to the espoused slim and model-like individuals, while the rest, who may have some extra pound, curves or weight are left out, thus lowering their self-esteem. This is more especially because, â€Å"the fashion worlds emphasis on tall, thin and young women is frequently cited as contributing to poor self-esteem, anorexia and bias against the overweight† (Herman, 1). Moreover, while fashion is a way of individual expression that differentiates an individual from the masses, extreme application of fashion serves to

Marketing Plan for Jcrew Clothing company Research Paper

Marketing Plan for Jcrew Clothing company - Research Paper Example The youth, men as well as women form the majority of the customers when it comes to the clothing industry. The success of any business opportunity always depends on the positioning of such a business. Business ventures that are well positioned always ensure resounding success. Customers are always the major targets when it comes to positioning of businesses (Kotler and Keller, 27). This business is going to target the potential customers. This will be critical in enhancing the proximity and access by the customers, suppliers and ease the provision of labor. In this reason, it is critical to note that the JCrews online stores is going to have a friendly website that will ensure that majority of people can access some of the products and execute transactions online. It is prudent enough to note that pricing affects the rate at which any product is purchased. Products of high prices always experience low rates of purchase compared to those of cheap prices (Kotler and Keller, 31). This follows that high prices always tend to repel several customers. However, the clothing products of the JCrews online store are going to be of favorable prices. The prices are going to set prices that are affordable to all the customers. This is going to lure several customers to purchase the products. This is therefore crucial in expanding the customer base, thus impacting positively towards the purchase potential. The clothing products of the JCrews online stores are going to be of very high quality and their prices are going to be more affordable compared to that offered by our competitors. In order for any business to thrive well in the competitive world markets, there is need for effective promotion of the products on offer. This is crucial in informing customers of the new products, the improvements as well as the reasons necessary for one to purchase the products. Effective promotional tools are suitable

Influence of Cultural Knowledge in Human Resource Management Essay

Influence of Cultural Knowledge in Human Resource Management - Essay Example The paper studies the influence of cultural knowledge in Human Resource Management. Culture plays a vital role in any organization. The understanding of culture involves both external and internal elements. To nurture a strong corporate culture within an organization, the human resource department must invest time into activities which would develop the basic understanding of the organization into the minds of the employees. The human resource department itself carries the role of molding the employees into a commodity for the company. Many different aspects and practices are explored to bring into light the problems that the human resource department faces with employees and the cultural diversity that comes with them. The response of how fresh graduates and professional human resource managers was tested. The results showed that the understanding of human resource managers showed because of their experience in the field. The time that had been spent working showed that they underst ood the mindset of individuals that they interviewed and how those individuals would have adapted into the culture of the organization. Further the difference of how society affects the individuals applying for jobs and how it impacts their thinking process. Further discussion on how human resource practices could improve the workspace. The best way for an organization to excel is to build a strategy which differs from that of any competitors in the market. One factor that could be used to influence positive performance and to build a great strategy would be to focus on the understanding of culture. Culture itself plays an important role in leading to the success of a firm. (HR Impact on Corporate Culture, 2005). The Human Resource moreover functions in creating a shape or change that enforces the corporate culture. (HR Impact on Corporate Culture, 2005). To serve the human resource function and to emit the gap between Human Resource business planning or even to bring about a basic understanding of cultural awareness, one is required to understand that importance that culture brings in a firm’s success. (HR Impact on Corporate Culture, 2005). â€Å"Culture defines the proper way to think, act and behave within an organization.† (HR Impact on Corporate Culture, 2005) Understanding culture helps new individuals, who join an organization, fit into the environment without any problems. These people tend to be the most successful in the work environment because of how easily they can relate to their work environment and the people that they work with. The ones in the organization who choose not to do things in a proper way often are relieved of their positions within a time period decided by the human resource department. (HR Impact on Corporate Culture, 2005). The culture of an organization is mostly set by its top management who decides what is right and what is wrong in a firm’s workspace. (HR Impact on Corporate Culture, 2005). This culture that has been created is seen by leaders at a competitive advantage over its competitors. Culture helps an organization adapt with its external environment because of how important it is for its internal integration. (HR Impact on Corporate Culture, 2005). Often when a new individual joins an organization he has no understanding of the culture that pertains to exist there. With time the individual develops to understand this and generally finds this difficult to fit in. The factor that affects human resource management of most is national culture. (Dimba, 2007). This problem can usually cause inefficiency and lead the individual to fall behind in work. The end

Miami school district negotiation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Miami school district negotiation - Essay Example This also controls incidents of school boards misappropriating the funds by engaging in expensive or unnecessary projects. The redistricting of school boundaries also plays a vital role in limiting future bond packages and maximizes utilization of education facilities in the schools (Greene, 2000). As a result, poverty gaps manifested in the education system are eliminated as well as improving the overall quality of education. Conversely, rezoning of the school boundaries implies that a great deal of students change schools and teachers are transferred. This process is also resource intensive with huge portions of public funds going into it. As a result, there is need for dedication from all stakeholders. Therefore, before school boundaries are redrawn all the concerns and recommendations voiced by stakeholders should be considered. For instance, the quality of education is vital in today’s society. This is one of the fundamental principles that parents consider especially whe n shifting, building and buying their homes in particular school districts. This is because the quality of education that is subjected to children shapes their future as well as molds their personalities, talents and character. Poor quality of education from early stages in life i.e. intermediate and secondary level of education, will adversely affect the livelihood of students (Brantlinger, 2003). Therefore, in the event of redistricting school boundaries parents are usually concerned about teachers’ competence, implemented strategies of accessing and determining quality of education facilities and the standards of education in these schools where they are supposed to transfer their children to. Another factor that parents consider in the event of redistricting school boundaries is the increase in cost and time taken to travel to and from school. Most of the students who should be transferred have to either use the school bus or walk a further distance to get to their new sc hool. Such measures usually disorient students to the extent of adversely affecting their time management and study plans. Moreover, parents also consider that their children will have to be subjected to different environmental factors that may adversely affect their social life (Douglas, Crowson & Shipps, 2006). On the same note, parents fear that their children will have lose ties with friends from the former school which may also affect their social life subsequently affecting their grades. The students too constitute major stakeholders in the education system. The process of redrawing new school boundaries may affect the quality of education they are subjected to especially if the schools they are transferred to have lower quality standards. In addition, they may have to travel long distances, face rejection due to their racial, economic, cultural and religious differences and break friendship ties with their former friends. Conversely, their social life and self esteem may chan ge to be worse. On the other hand, teachers and the other staff will also be affected by the redistricting process because they will also be transferred to a new working environment which also means that there will be a couple of layoffs. Their concern is fitting in and adjusting to the new environment as well as their future and career

Innovation report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Innovation report - Essay Example It is a lesson from the module for the experiences through toughness that makes people have a feeling that the level of innovation transpires to make it feasible (Hisrich & Kearney 23). As stated above, the last year has presented a comprehensive pathway for experiencing new things as well as learning plenty through practicality. Most of us believed they had perfect plans leading to their success prior joining the class. However, my group’s belief was gradually broadened and the feasibility planning is a critical tool in achieving success through the experiences of practical feasibility through the creation of products. The other essential skill that will facilitate my growth in the future is that of team management. Our module allows learners to work within groups towards get innovative products. There needed to have an understanding of the capacities of group members as well as having ultimate forces in adjusting with each member in making the innovation successful Interacting and working in such groups is tough (Hisrich & Kearney 72). The company we formed was composed of three equal partners who were leaders and managers. We appreciated that leaders are people who do the right things while managers do things the right way. In doing right things and making things right, the group had equal responsibilities as managers and leaders. The main hindrance was time management for group activities. I feel that the group members and me could have achieved even more in terms of succeeding the products and the company in the event that we properly and usefully managed our time. I recall that there is no amount of money that can buy time back (Hisrich & Kearney 28). This understanding and the group’s improper management of time taught great lessons as well as the methodology of deciding the future using ideal time management skills. The group had a long-term goal for the company and our

Self_Appraisal_Report Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Self_Appraisal_Report - Assignment Example The assessment has been made in accordance with theories provided by research scholars regarding the benefits of work based learning and the skills obtained from this process which will help an individual to secure a better job. The report also highlights the researcher’s future plans in terms of the developments that are yet to be made in order to enhance his/her skills. Following that suitable conclusions and recommendations have been made. Table of Contents Summary 2 Introduction 4 Self-Appraisal 4 Skills and Experience relevant to my career goals 6 Future Plans 7 Conclusions and Recommendations 7 Reference List 8 Introduction Over the past few decades, the field of education and occupational learning has witnessed a shift of regime. There has been a significant change in how students and policy makers perceive higher education and the role of universities. The idea of enrolling in a university to become intellectually enlightened has been replaced with the idea that the pr imary objective of higher education is to serve the industry (Huq and Gilbert, 2012). The fundamental of work based learning (WBL) is based upon the fact that individuals will thrive to understand the meaning of theory and thereafter attain wisdom through real life experience. This is also known as experiential learning. WBL is of utmost importance which helps an individual to be self directed, competent, self managing, constructive, reflective and autonomous who will be able to extract and articulate the meaning of learning from their everyday routine of work. As such this report will primarily involve a self assessment of the researcher on the basis of the internship that the researcher underwent and thereby highlighting the importance of internship and work based learning and the outcomes from them. In addition to that, the self assessment of the researcher will also describe personal skills and experience possessed by the researcher prior to the internship and how those implemen ted and what additional skills and experiences were earned. Based on the points explained, a suitable conclusion will be reached as to how important is work based learning/internship to the modern day education system and recommendations will also be made regarding the changes that are required, if any, in order to bring upon improvement in this system of education. Self-Appraisal As has been explained by Gault, Redington and Schlager (2010), work based education also referred to as experiential education, plays a crucial role in shaping lives of undergraduates thereby enhancing their preparation in order to achieve success in the entry level job market. It provides a means by which both students and faculties can bridge the gap between the career expectations developed during classroom tutorial and the reality of employment in the field of work. Similar conclusion has been presented by Gault, Leach and Duey (2010), who also highlighted the importance of experiential learning. They explained that, experiential education is of paramount importance at the initial stages of an individual’s career thereby uplifting the prospect of employment candidates in job market. Similar theories have been outlined by Bridgstock (2009). Having the same belief, as has been explained by the authors mentioned above; I also enrolled for an internship in order to undergo the experiential learning process while pursuing my degree education. My job title was that of a

First Person Singular Essay Example for Free

First Person Singular Essay As children we spent most of our lives exploring and learning new things with the help of our parents. There are some memories very vague but others that we will remember for the rest of our lives. These memorable moments could be the simplest to most complex things but as children they were a big deal to us. A childhood journey that I find extraordinarily memorable was the time I went to England with my parents because I traveled across the globe and I experienced different adventures. The time I went to England was a memory I will treasure forever because it was the first time I traveled to a different continent. I was in fifth grade when we underwent this trip which made me the coolest kid in class so that really made the trip important to me. We arrived at the airport to find out that my dad needed a VISA since he was not a citizen of the US, this forced us to delay our trip and fly to New York for 3 days. After that issue was resolved we finally flew to England. The flight took about 8 hours. During the flight we ate dinner and breakfast on the plane, I recall the food not being that great especially being a picky child. We also had to sleep on the plane which can be very uncomfortable for more than an hour. I also remember having to share the minuscule bathroom with my mom to brush our teeth. Following the lengthy flight we finally reached our destination, England. Clearly, traveling to another continent is a memory I will never forget. Another reason I will cherish this trip throughout my life is because we encountered new adventures. The country seemed pretty similar to the United States but as we were getting onto the car my dad entered what he thought was the passenger seat but came to see it was really the drivers seat. Not only are the steering wheels on the opposite sides of the car but they drive on the opposite side of the road as well. We stayed at my dad’s friend’s house while our stay. This house had 4 stories including the basement, this was new to me because in Florida you only see 2 story houses most of the time. The food was a very big obstacle for me because I was not used to the food prepared in the house. The woman of the house made us a traditional English dinner which quite honestly was not to my liking. It was a large sausage with mashed potatoes and vegetables. As a fifth grader I would have preferred McDonald’s. We didn’t have an itinerary for what we wanted to do so we just did random things the city of London had to offer. While in London I saw men completely painted like statues but would randomly move and scare you half to death, that was enjoyable. Then we reached â€Å"The Eye†, the biggest ferris wheel in the world that you can see all of London from the top. Sadly I wasn’t able to ride it because it takes 45 minutes to go all around and we didn’t have enough time for that. But I did get to visit Big Ben and the Buckingham Palace. I also rode a train for the first time. This train went extremely fast and it even had a full bathroom right in the middle, it felt like it was taken out of â€Å"Back to the Future.† The last thing we did on our trip was go to a Robin Hood museum in the city of Nottingham that showed us his story. Evidently, the adventures we underwent contributed to this special memory. Given these experiences, my trip to England will be a souvenir to the journeys in my childhood because I traveled across the globe and I experienced different adventures. Many more mementoes will be added to the list as time goes on but as of now that trip was one of the most influential expeditions I have had.

Euthanasia Essay Example for Free

Euthanasia Essay In his accounts, Gay-Williams raised important arguments with regard to euthanasia. Being a serious point of debate for many decades now, there are people who approve of it claiming it provides humane death for someone otherwise not capable of living a normal life anymore. On the other hand, there are others who stay conservative and disapprove of euthanasia believing that in no way can people decide should another person is already bound for death or not. One point of contention is the differentiation between active and passive euthanasia, which further segments the population. Gay-Williams assert that active euthanasia is illegal yet passive euthanasia can be morally favored. Some do not believe on the differentiation and say that whether it is active or passive, euthanasia should be regarded as illegal. Gay-Williams also argued that euthanasia takes out the hope in a patient. This further proves the negative notion on euthanasia. This along with the argument that euthanasia is a practical choice for medical practitioners is raised by the author and was explained in detail. This paper aims to discuss these arguments and evaluate their strength, which may prove or otherwise disprove the motions of Gay-Williams. In developing the paper, it hopes to evaluate euthanasia in light of its moral viability; the distinction cited between active and passive euthanasia and their moral statures, and two arguments that embody mercy killing: the argument that states how euthanasia affects the will to live and survive as well as how it may be used for practical applications—rather surprising conclusions that were taken by Gay-Williams which are worth a lengthy point of discussion, evaluation, and comparison. Passive and active euthanasia Gay-Williams stated that there is a big difference between passive and active euthanasia. In phrases, passive euthanasia is letting die while active euthanasia is killing. It should be noted that passive euthanasia happens when a person was not given relief from a certainly fatal situation which is otherwise medically alterable. For instance, a person with extreme difficulty in breathing who can still be resuscitated but was not given an apparatus or aid for the purpose may die under the circumstance of passive euthanasia. This is often done when there is an order by the patient or the family that the patient should not be resuscitated. Alternatively, the situation can be the other way around. The patient may be in a dying situation, but still technically alive. For some circumstance such as the thought that the patient is constantly in pain, hopeless, or if the patient himself can no longer bear the pain, there may become a request or a suggestion for the pain to be stopped—rather permanently. At this point poison may be intravenously given to end the suffering of the patient. According to Gay-Williams, this big difference between the two is obvious in light of their moral statures. The first one which let the patient die without medical intervention is acceptable as there was no effort in ending the life of the patient. Divinely, the patient may still be saved. On the other hand, the latter-described procedure deliberately put an effort in ending the suffering and the life of the patient. The author stated that this is killing even if the purpose of the act is to save someone from a lengthy and costly suffering. The thought of euthanasia Every one of us is gifted with survival instincts. When the going gets tough, they say the tough gets going. And so when an illness hits someone and he is tough enough, he finds hope rather than despair. He focuses on the positive rather than the negative and strives to find a way to battle the sickness and eventually win it. Thus, when the mind says that it wants to live, the body and the person will most likely follow. (How to live a longer and healthier life, 2007) This is the same argument raised by Gay-Williams as an issue of euthanasia. He states: knowing that we can take out our life at anytime (or ask another to take it) might well incline us to give up too easily. The will to live is strong in all of us, but it can be weakened by pain and suffering and feelings of hopelessness. This will to live is essential as many doctors have proven. Gay-Williams himself stated that there are many miraculous survivals that occur which even medicine cannot fully explain. Many shows, testimonials, and books have discussed how people in the brink of death were able to miraculously survive. Some were from serious illnesses or were declared in comatose. Some claimed to be back from dying. This relationship between the will to live and getting well has been the premise of many studies. Doctors started incorporating psychological therapies to their patients’ treatment plans hoping to get better results. Often, the results even exceed their expectations. This led many doctors to adapt the concept, to the relief and advantage of thousands and maybe even millions of patients around the world. As Gay-Williams says: The very presence of the possibility of euthanasia may keep us from surviving when we might. Euthanasia and practical effects Gay-Williams state that doctors and nurses’ main thrust and aim in their professions is to save lives, and that when a patient dies in their care it becomes a personal failure which may not be too easy to accept. Thus it is not surprising if the author argued that euthanasia is a practical way for practitioners to avoid this quicksand. If they endorse or support euthanasia, any impending deaths in their care can be pre-empted—no one will ever die in their responsibility again. Euthanasia is a product of free will. It takes the patient and/or his family into a higher level of decision-making whereby they choose whether to prolong the patient’s illness and let live or end the suffering and let the patient die in peace. Its proponents agree that approving euthanasia as a social policy lets the people exercise the freedom of will that was given to them by the divine and the constitution. This is true in that even if euthanasia becomes a social policy, it still boils down to the decision of the person if euthanasia should be chosen or not as a way of getting out of one’s suffering. If a patient or his family does not want to exercise it, it is also for them to decline. However, Gay-Williams claim that euthanasia will bring an all new low in the quality of healthcare where euthanasia is acceptable. The quality will be sacrificed because if practitioners know an easier way out of an untreatable disease rather than letting the patient die naturally in their hands, the process may be taken in non-serious cases as well. In connection, Gay-Williams stress that as a social policy euthanasia will bring worse concerns. For one, it can permit authorities to eliminate those who are hopelessly ill, the way those who are mentally ill are sent in mental hospitals—a comparison Gay-Williams was clever in making. Conclusion So did Gay-Williams’ argument win or lose? The argument revolved around the innate willingness to live by people, especially the sick. It played up the fact that the will to live is a fragile characteristic inherent to everyone. It further stated that euthanasia blotted onto this inherent character; that the provision of a choice to end life gave people the reason to end life; that giving patients, their families, and the doctors an easy route out of the situation gave them the authority to take this easy route out as well. With these arguments, Gay-Williams reiterated that whether as a social policy or an open option for patients, families, and medical practitioners, euthanasia is a slippery slope where no one wins. Gay-Williams, theoretically speaking, was able to deliver his points well. It is true that euthanasia is an exercise of free will, but the fact that free will is given and thus the idea of euthanasia is suggested to a patient is already initially detrimental to the patient. It entails responsible choices to be made by the patient, the family, and the doctors. It requires a full understanding of life, and the willingness to allow life to take its course. The doctors can suggest this graceful exit option to the patient or the family but if the patient or the family’s will to live or let live is stronger than the will to end everything, euthanasia becomes out of the options and medication can continue. But if the patient or the doctors already have the way out it will be too tempting to resist. (A plea for beneficent euthanasia, n. d. ) Even if euthanasia is unwise for conservatives, it is a matter of choice and conscience. For the unbelievers, they can go through life without considering it. For modernists, it is an available choice. In the end, one should never and can never decide for another. Gay-Williams failed to include this in his distinctions. It is true that it can be used by doctors as a practical way out of a medical case, or disillusion patients, but it should still be a choice given for all.

Concept Of Civil Military Relations

Concept Of Civil Military Relations The emergence of military interventions in the political life of a country is not a feature of this century. From ancient Greece to the end of the 20th Century, the threat has chosen by displacement or relocation of a government by overt military action, a recurring theme in the scientific literature. However, although previous analysts rather for the military as a strange, demonic fraction not with other social groups interact, but in a position to seek to act against them, it was not until after the end of World War II political scientists began to derive another perspective. Therefore, while Machiavelli would say, a man of the military can be a good person Voltaire would streamline manifestation of brute force as and Samuel Adams would say that a standing army, however necessary, is always dangerous to the liberties of the people. Of course, the change in the attitude of the science was in the military institution not accidental inspiration. From World War II to an end the traditional role of the military as an instrument of territorial expansion of a state, its utility has been greatly improved as domestic violence. As one of the few large institutions westernized, the military as the only effective pressure group, able to play a positive role was seen in a country trying to reach a higher level in the scale of social and political progress. Since the introduction of liberal institutions, Western economic policy in the peripheral countries, the stability of the latter was upset traditional sociopolitical structure appeared the military is the only group that the enforcement and protection of political stability and order. Therefore, as the duties of the officers had to undergo such a major change, and the whole institution was asked to play a domestic role multidimensional Western academia has been forced to reconsider their former views on the civil-military relations. Since the role of the military institution can extend the daily political life of the state of minimal impact to direct rule, began in early postwar writers noted the benefits could provide a modernized an officer corps assets political life of a peripheral country. His zeal was such that some even to support the establishment of pro-Western military dictatorships and overestimate the ability of the military ended. For example, with respect to Pauker Southeast Asian countries, argues that a cure for all one social economic problems faced by them in the future: It is more likely to be found in the officer corps and politicians. Since strong leadership support of the organizational structure and moral authority was seen as a necessary component of good management planning and the future of these countries, the only group that was able to show those qualities were the military, suggested. Others, like Pye moderate perspective in favor of the pro-Western direct military participation in the political life of the peripheral states, did not neglect to mention that the objective of the type of role assigned to the officer corps was to create stable democratic political institutions an practices. Others such as Janowitz, however, began to suggest that one should not confuse discipline and organizational capacity. While officers have been trained to work efficiently when allocated to specific tasks, and their impact on economic development in any country wide, at best, be minimal because of the inherent limitations in the profession [infrared]. Overall, it was very difficult for some Western academics to justify the military intervention and public rule since then, according to the political and economic model that they Anglo American promotion, it is democracy rather than dictatorship, the political system that complements the economic development of capitalism. With the fall of the Berlin Wall and the liberalization of the former communist countries of totalitarian regimes, it seems democracy as the best alternative political mechanism can provide the West to these people. Although the process of democratization can not be done overnight and achieve an outcome, however, it gives the impression that it is the only viable solution for the implementation of peace and security in the world. As President Clinton noted in his speech at Georgetown University in 1991, countries with democratic governments are more likely to be reliable partners in trade and diplomacy and less likely threat to peace than those with other forms of government. Although the collapse of the authoritarian regime / totalitarianism is the first step toward the democratization process of any country, however, it should not make us believe that such an event would automatically lead to the establishment and strengthening of democratic institutions and practices. While in the transitional period can create a relatively stable configuration of democratic political institutions characteristics, can not be such a system can be considered a democratic system. Until there is complete agreement of the people and the political and military leaders to the demands inherent in all democracies, for example, support large positions for behavioral attitude with democratic institutions and the rules of the game that the latter establishment, then democracy can be a distant dream. As Sergei Kovalyov, a Russian human rights activist, has put it, the quality of democracy depends heavily on the quality of the democratswithout this, everything will be like now, always in fits and start. Due to the growing interest from the academic world to understand the different types and levels of civil-military relations in each country as well as in the interpretation, we have a number of writers with certain patterns, in which a number of factors associated with both the changing environments of international and local have been used. Despite some weaknesses arising from the attempt by political scientists to create a global theory regarding the role of the army in all countries, and these patterns tend to complement each other in the supply and the end of the reader a better understanding of civil military relations in general. TYPOLOGIES OF CIVIL MILITARY RELATION Focus on the way that the military can achieve its corporate objectives, accurately distinguishes four types of civil-military relations. In the first category, and he puts all cases while the officers to exercise their influence on the constitutional legitimacy and the civilian government, like any pressure group again, to achieve the objectives, such as increasing the military budget, and in the second, when officers used the threat of penalties or blackmail to reach similar objectives; in the third, when the system replace civil with one another because I did not perform its duties towards them adequately, and in the fourth category, and officers decide sweep civilian system and seize the government itself. And there is a problem with his rating is its heavy dependence on the degree of military intervention. This makes it difficult to distinguish between behavioral similarities and structural to the military establishment and regulations in different countries, while intervention has been paid to different levels, but the role of the military in society and politics is similar. Huntington, on the other hand, the rules of classification of its civil-military relations on the political objectives of the actions taken by the officers. He classified into three categories. In the first category, he distinguishes those cases that are similar to a palace coup, and in the second, those similar coup reform, and in the third, similar to those 1 revolutionary. And there is a problem with the classification of him is that his interest is not only personal but also elusive. He failed to consider that military intervention could begin as early as may have one type of a military coup, but to undergo radical changes certain. In an attempt to overcome the constraints imposed on the model of Huntington, Janowitz makes an important step by differentiating between civilians and military personnel in Western countries relations from those in the terminal. He classified as civil-military relations in the Western countries into three categories: the aristocracy, democracy and totalitarianism. With regard to peripheral States, he classified as civil-military relations in five categories: personal authoritarian, authoritative and comprehensive democratic competition, between civilians and the military alliance, the military and the oligarchy. And there is a problem with his rating is that it does not take into account the degree of autonomy that can be civilian leaders of the military. Not clarify this, he makes it very difficult to distinguish the role of officers in democratic and authoritarian regime. Learning from the mistakes of the previous writers, Lucham tries to offer a more complete model. He bases his typology of civil-military relations around three factors: the strength or weakness of civilian institutions; the strength or weakness of the military institution and the coercive, political and organizational resources at its disposal; and the nature of the boundaries between the military establishment and its sociopolitical environment. By examining these three variables, Luchams typology classifies civil-military relations based on the roles which the military institution plays in a countrys political life. He divides them into categories in which the military exercises objective, constabulary, apparatus and subjective control as well as in cases of a nation-in-arms from cases in which a praetorian, a garrison or a guardian state has been established o there is political vacuum. And there is a problem with classification Lucham is that he neglects the role of the international environment (political, economic, and military) on the relations between civilians and the military in the state. In the same direction as Lucham, but the definition of Huntington accept imperial societies, Nordlinger, Clapham and Phili attempt to formulate a complementary patterns of civil-military relations. After careful consideration of the three models of civilian control and traditional, and liberal models and penetration, Nordlinger says that there is no single model of civilian control that can be widely applied effectively. And therefore, used as a criterion to the extent that exercise governmental author ity officers and ambitious objectives. He distinguishes three types of Imperial officers: supervisors and guardians and rulers. First tend to exercise the right of veto on a variety of government decisions without having to take over political power itself. Second, after the overthrow of a civilian government take ten to the same political authority for a limited period of time. It aims to prevent the destruction of the status quo and return to civilian political power. Last, do not only want to control the government, but also being designed to convert a very ambitious community. Clapham and Philip H. ARG are not interested in how officers can gain political power, but in the methods they use. As a result, they come for the classification of four types of military regimes: the veto, Chair, factional and penetration. As selectors to be classified as they use the units military command structure, and the level of differentiation between the army of civil society, and the level of threat of civil society as well as on the level of political organization independent. Interestingly, it is also interested in the results of the military regimes. They are divided into six categories. The back of the hand, and the renewal of civil, nepotism and factional authoritarian, military state of the party and the state to a standstill. It is possible that other writers might have come up with new patterns. Based on these known, however, we should not see it as a strict set of categories. These patterns are not used Out of the study directly from civilian and military circumstances in each country, but instead of extrapolating from historical records that rely heavily on social structural factors. Even when factors are included cultural and ideological, it is widely be discussed. Since the elements that characterize civil-military relations in each country comes out of the unique circumstances of this country and its institutions, and countries that are not and should not be treated as mere examples of the ideal type. Instead, one has to pay special attention to the properties at the same time to maintain these patterns in the views. For a better understanding of the type of relationship between the civilian and military that dominates the political life of the country, as well as the level of democracy, and there is a need to create a multi-factorial model. This model should be a composite one and to take into account the following factors: First, the military itself. Can A careful monitoring of the size of the military, and social background and level of professional qualification of its members, their ideology political, and the level of cohesion and unity, as well as their desire to protect the interest their corporate (s), he says Janowitz, give us a better chance for understanding [ing] all of the officers, [and] internal capacity to its tendency to intervene in domestic politics. Second, we must take into account the form of the social impact of the local environment and the economic and political lives in the shadow of the military and jobs. Particular attention must be paid to be paid to the political factor that will determine this much whether the democratization process has established roots strong in any country. Third, the role of the international factor and more specifically the impact of major powers exerted on the establishment of foreign military alike and internal forces of the country. Last but not least, we must examine the role of the past and present of the military institution in the development of civil-military relations in each country. It should add a small rider here with regard to the latter factor. We are very concerned most studies of civil-military relations with the military factor only after the intervention happens. Role of the institution in the same domestic policy-making process in cases in which no ruling military are often neglected or underestimated. Although the authors emphasize the immediate factors that led to the military intervention, they forget that the military organization as a system of meaningful activity continuously from a specific type functions within the community long before the stage pre intervention. also suggests Johnson, the direct control of the government by senior officers or military juntas are only reference crude of the role that the armed forces can play at a certain moment, the men in uniform have a variety of ways to make their will felt. Nor should a result, patronage relations not only within the military, but also among its members and the civilian government dress ignored. In addition, planned and smooth, or violence, the transition from military rule to another form of government (democracy in the first place), in the peripheral countries, and its impact on the development of civilian rule in them, and deserves attention. Since the role of the military in the decision-making processes are often beyond the immediate scope of professional reference, it must examine its changing role in society transformation. 5.2 Problems Faced/Challenges on the implementation of the concept of CMR. Should the idea of à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¹Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¹a close link between the traditional thinking SSR and CMR analysis is not in itself controversial. Obsessed control, and especially the civilian control, and theorizing much SSR, can be traced directly to the literature of fear and suspicion of the army are reviewed below for a brief period. Control, after all is only necessary if there are potential dangers in a lack of control. If modern thinking SSR does not explicitly mention usually the risk of military coups or military influence unwarranted, and intellectual heritage and clear with it. It can be attributed in particular to work known by Samuel Huntington, supplemented in some cases by others. In turn, of course, Huntington was not writing in a vacuum: a few original ideas in his book, and most have a long history. They are fully in line with a long history of writing (and often anti-military) anti-state, which is, in fact, the prevailing thinking in the world for several c enturies political. John Lockes two treatises of government (1690) is the most famous example in early. Of the complex and varied body of this theory, can distinguish between the main sticking strings in the past. First, the rise of the middle classes in Britain, and in colonial America, were identified with military aristocracy, and with the power of the king. As a result, the fear of a strong standing army seems to be plagued thinkers, British and American alike, who were influential in the establishment and development of the United States, and fear that still exist also in Britain after American independence. Remarkably that while for the United States (and indeed for most democracies) central problem in civil-military relations were not one basic to prevent a military takeover in the country, the book British and the Americans and identified these issues, however, exactly what the main problem. For the middle classes of the eighteenth century, and seek to transform their economic weight in the political power, in the state controlled by the Crown Prince and the aristocracy, the priority was to control of the state and the army, and the reduction of their power to the maximum extent possible. The middle classes of little interest in becoming officers themselves, and in the absence of military service, they had no experience rarely directly to how the military works. They knew little about military affairs care, and the army was a dangerous beast needs to be chained up. Proper role was not as a border guard or of the supreme national interest, but like the rest of the state, an employee with very limited roles. It was kind of trader, that chapter if the quality of the work is not satisfactory. Second, was directly linked to this lack of interest in military issues to liberal concepts of war and peace in this same middle classes. Dismissed the war as a bad trade, soldiers and stupid and bloodthirsty, and the war as a rational human beings are going to do everything to avoid. They considered that the reason often by armies of the war, which was very large and impressive, or through the arms race between the two countries. Embraced the new economic theories of Adam Smith, who argued that the trade, rather than war, is enriched Nations, and that cooperation was better than the competition. While not the middle classes were rarely peaceful, they have strongly the idea that the war was a stupid often and usually generals were stupid. For the British, the experience of the blunders of the First World War, and the folk-memory of Generals sending a generation of intellectuals to be slaughtered, was to be influential for many decades afterwards.  [1]   Yet if these ideas in various forms throughout the centuries, why there was a series of books and articles on civil-military relations between the 1950s and 1970s? There seems to be two reasons. And it was a lot of this American writing, and they are produced in a time when the United States has reached an agreement with a significant increase military equipment, and a network of bases and defense agreements in all parts of the world. Was also a time of fears of a military-industrial complex as expressed by (ex) Eisenhower. Lacks all these fears any basis in fact, of course, and he was not there a moment where the U.S. military looked as if they might seek for a political role or start a war. The second, more general, and why conscious of systems military that appear on what looks around the world, while political scientists, especially in the United States, began to take an interest in the military as an institution. These systems existed before the war in Europe in Hungary and Poland, for example but by the 1950s military intervention in Latin American politics has become almost a clichà ©, and military regimes apparently everywhere in that continent. No wonder that transformed relations between the worlds political, military, and one of the main themes of the study, although it is difficult to achieve experimentally. As a result, it was a lot of work to be done by inference, through careful reading of the legislation and government statements, and through the application of theoretical models. These models have been derived often from laymans understanding of the work of the American political system. Thus, it is inaccurate and incomplete in general, but with so wer e they based it strictly on theories about how and was supposed system of the United States to work. Apparently when the newly independent states in Africa began to fall under military control, as well as, to the extent that there is a trend all over the world for the Army to get energy. This impression was reinforced rise of military governments in various places such as South Korea and Pakistan. Encouraged, therefore, non-specialists began to wonder whether there was, in fact, things to apply what can be said about the army, and a series of books from the 1950s to the 1970s already mentioned implicitly said that there. Although it is important not to minimize the real change in approach between these books, they share some common features. Portrayed armies significantly resemble those of Britain and the United States, as well as those written by specialists on CMR Latin America. They are large, powerful, well trained and well disciplined and so it is a mystery not that this force rebels against its civilian masters, but why it ever obeys them.  [2]  Likewise, it was argued tha t the officers of these armies were always pessimistic, collectivist, historically inclined, power-oriented, nationalistic, militaristic, pacifist and instrumentalist in [their] view of the military profession.  [3]   This type of analysis was very simple. It assumed only two actors (the military, often in practice the Army, and civilian politicians), in an adversarial relationship involving a constant battle by civilians to control the military. This in turn meant that the two played a zero-sum game, in which the essential premise for any system of civilian control is the minimization of military power.  [4]  It was further argued that this power varies with the proportion of the national product devoted to military purposes and à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ the number of individuals serving with the armed services. As often with Huntington, this is a little obscure but presumably refers to the percentage of Gross National (or more probably Domestic) Product taken by the defence budget, together with the absolute size of the armed forces, possibly including reserves, or possibly not. These are two of the ways of measuring a nations defence effort, although not necessarily the most illuminating ones. Logica lly, therefore, civilian control is enhanced by reducing defence budgets and manpower levels, and indeed SSR theorists have generally drawn this conclusion, and acted upon it.  [5]   There is room for a good comparative study of military interventions in politics all over the world on civil-military relations. First, there is the question of why theorizing about military intervention today do not know the problem correctly. Then there is the question of theory constructed correctly and testable risk of military intervention will actually look like. Seemed relatively small position in the 1950s and 1960s, and produced an appropriate model of simplistic military intervention, as recounted above. But at the end of the Cold War, military regimes began to disappear rapidly, not only in Latin America, but also in Africa, and there were a few coups to replace them. So what happened? The confirmed civilian control victorious everywhere? The army had undergone an evolution the collective political mysterious? It soon became clear that the military regimes in the post came in all shapes and sizes and there are a few features in common with each other. In many cases, brutally cut budgets and manpower, but scientists have found that there is a relationship between military and civilian regimes new unsuspected complexity, and that control was understood more slippery than it looks in the past. The old model of motor power and influence clearly do not apply any more, if ever. Even in a relatively homogeneous area of à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¹Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â €š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¹Latin America, it was not clear whether he had been strengthened civilian control or reduced, or even if it means the concept so much. As J Samuel Fitch noted, all this uncertainty was troubling in a field that aspires to be treated as a serious social science. The lack of even minimal consensus on seemingly basic questions undermines our authority as scholars to speak on policy issues that are crucial.  [6]   Must be much larger than the size of expertise and comparative analysis available now enables us to build a theory of military intervention that is more subtle and useful than those previously described. But before plunging in to this task, and we may pause and reflect, if any, the general theory of military intervention is indeed necessary. Current thesis, slightly beaten by experience, but still surprisingly strong, holds that military institutions appetite for power is that this civil-military relations in any country consists mostly of minimizing and controlling the power of the military. But this holds true, but in all cases of military intervention similar. If this is not true, the problem does not exist in reality. The proposal is that the evidence or rather the lack of it specifically shows that it does not exist. In a sense, this is the obvious conclusion is terribly useful. It is not possible to say whether some of the texts of the book known CMR actually believed that their theories were global or not, but in any case such claims would be impossible to prove or to clarify the truth even interesting. What might be called the theory of strong CMR all armies everywhere seeking power in the same way to be left to one side as intellectual curiosity. It is similar to Aristotles theories in physics, which were intellectually dominant for a very long time but is not in fact true. It is still possible to admire Aristotles writing, but if we tried to build an aircraft based on its principles, it will not leave the runway. In practice, most writers on CMR and SSR (including, very likely, and some authors cited only) and it seems that the belief is what can be described as theory of weak CMR. This has been anywhere placed correctly, but involves the belief that military intervention in the politics of one kind or another, though not universally Although the affected properties of historical and cultural, is common enough to be a problem. (In fact, if you are not seen as a problem, and will control of the army not be such a common feature of the various writings). This is at least a coherent position, and moreover it is one that can be tested. One of the logical consequences is that communities need to protect against the possibility of a kind of institutional intervention by the army to seize power a body corporate. Although the theory of this kind more temporary it is not easy to refute, we can look to see if the examples of the power of institutional Search common in modern history. The easiest way is to look at some well-known cases of military intervention in politics to see if they can find examples to support this version even double the risk theory. What is indisputable that there are many examples of seizures of power by the army, or at least individual officers, as well as cases where the army clashed with the civilian politicians (elected or not) or where she tried to undue influence. Question, again, is whether any importance to give mass to these events, and whether there are any general conclusions that can be drawn, and now that there are decades of experience in the analysis. How similar, in fact, are in these episodes, which is supposed to military to take power? Lets start with two events in 1958 that was most enthusiastic in the world, and access to power in France and Pakistan of General de Gaulle and Ayub Khan respectively. The first to look at, it is useful to consider the historical background, which is very rarely done. This history which extends back to the establishment of the Third Republic in 1870 is of interest precisely because it is not compatible with the concept of kinetic measurement influence military, but suggests instead that power relations are more subtle and many of the side, and this is something similar to energy analysis discussed above is actually more convenient. . On the face of it, the Third Republic wonderful example of the theory CMR in practice. Ive had a strong parliamentary system, where he was weak executive, and president (although the commander of the armed forces) is political entity. Was to take all the important decisions in parliament. Moreover, he was the Minister of Defense civilians for the entire period, and the Ministry for the operation headed by a civilian Secretary-General. Financial controls on civilians and making important political decisions. Not career military officers even allowed to vote in the elections. After 1940, this political system disintegrated within a few days, to be replaced by authoritarian state headed by retired Marshal. Fourth Republic, succeeding overthrown in a military coup in 1958. So it was what went wrong? And civilian control was less comprehensive than it looks? Army conducted the accompanying political attack? Interpretation, of course, is more complicated than that, and involves the structural weaknesses in the French political system itself. First, because the system was one parliamentary hyper, and was often referred Cabinet that the Executive Committee in parliament, could stop any institution did not like the initiative. Means the difficulty of building sectarian governments at a time can be brought down at any moment, and often for reasons of short-term political gain. Ministers therefore had little time to master their memoirs a year in office was a good start. However, hating to take controversial decisions of Parliament, and often voted full powers to the government to make those decisions is Sarah herself. In turn, governments often rather than resign. And any form of long-term planning or strategic analysis impossible. The system could not cope with the crisis, or the need to manage complex issues, such as relations with Germany in the 1930s. Not have been possible a coherent policy when governments changed frequently, and Parliament became essentially negative force, and to prevent any serious decisions. (It never officially declared war on Germany in 1939, for example). As a result, the system collapsed hopeless in the eyes of voters. Was widespread in politics, i

Transformation in Louise Erdrichs The Red Convertible Essay -- Red C

Transformation in Louise Erdrich's The Red Convertible      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In Louise Erdrich's "The Red Convertible," the two main characters start off doing seemingly well. However, there are many changes that these two young men go through during the story. Henry experiences the largest transformation due to his involvement in the Vietnam War. This transformation also alters Henry's brother, Lyman, although not for the same reasons. As the story progresses, and these certain events take place, the brothers' innocence is soon lost.   Ã‚  Ã‚   Before the war, the Lamartine brothers, Henry and Lyman, are naive and carefree. They spend all of their time together. They even buy a car together. This red convertible is the most notable way that Erdrich represents the boys' innocence in the story. To get this car, they spend all of the money they have, without even thinking about it. "[B]efore we had thought it over at all, the car belonged to us and our pockets were empty" (461). Soon after purchasing the red convertible, Henry and Lyman set off driving with no real destination. They simply explore the country, going where the road takes them. They have no responsibility, no worries, nowhere to be, and nothing that has to be done. The boys "just lived [their] everyday lives here to there" (461). Lyman and Henry fall asleep under willow trees, wake up, and begin driving again. During their expedition, they meet a girl named Susy. Susy lives in Chicken, Alaska, where they agree to take her. Upon reaching Alaska, the boys do not want to return home. There, where the sun never really sets in the summer, they hardly sleep at all. They live like animals. Before they leave, before winter, an interesting thing happens that truly exp... ...who endures pain. His brother, Lyman, suffers from many of the same things as Henry. Lyman also experiences post-traumatic stress. Although Lyman seems to acknowledge this stress in a rather different way than Henry, it is there all the same. Just as Henry tries to give the red convertible up to his brother, Lyman does the same in the end, and pushes it right back to him. The red car represents a bond between the two brothers, and with Henry gone, Lyman can not bear to have it around anymore. Unfortunately, getting rid of the car does not take care of Lyman's pain. Even a long time after Henry's death, Lyman still experiences post-traumatic stress.   Only now he has a tragedy of his own to endure.    Work Cited Erdrich, Louise. "The Red Convertible." The Story and Its Writer. 5th ed. Ed. Ann Charters.   Boston: Bedford/St. Martin's, 1999. 460-67. Transformation in Louise Erdrich's The Red Convertible Essay -- Red C Transformation in Louise Erdrich's The Red Convertible      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In Louise Erdrich's "The Red Convertible," the two main characters start off doing seemingly well. However, there are many changes that these two young men go through during the story. Henry experiences the largest transformation due to his involvement in the Vietnam War. This transformation also alters Henry's brother, Lyman, although not for the same reasons. As the story progresses, and these certain events take place, the brothers' innocence is soon lost.   Ã‚  Ã‚   Before the war, the Lamartine brothers, Henry and Lyman, are naive and carefree. They spend all of their time together. They even buy a car together. This red convertible is the most notable way that Erdrich represents the boys' innocence in the story. To get this car, they spend all of the money they have, without even thinking about it. "[B]efore we had thought it over at all, the car belonged to us and our pockets were empty" (461). Soon after purchasing the red convertible, Henry and Lyman set off driving with no real destination. They simply explore the country, going where the road takes them. They have no responsibility, no worries, nowhere to be, and nothing that has to be done. The boys "just lived [their] everyday lives here to there" (461). Lyman and Henry fall asleep under willow trees, wake up, and begin driving again. During their expedition, they meet a girl named Susy. Susy lives in Chicken, Alaska, where they agree to take her. Upon reaching Alaska, the boys do not want to return home. There, where the sun never really sets in the summer, they hardly sleep at all. They live like animals. Before they leave, before winter, an interesting thing happens that truly exp... ...who endures pain. His brother, Lyman, suffers from many of the same things as Henry. Lyman also experiences post-traumatic stress. Although Lyman seems to acknowledge this stress in a rather different way than Henry, it is there all the same. Just as Henry tries to give the red convertible up to his brother, Lyman does the same in the end, and pushes it right back to him. The red car represents a bond between the two brothers, and with Henry gone, Lyman can not bear to have it around anymore. Unfortunately, getting rid of the car does not take care of Lyman's pain. Even a long time after Henry's death, Lyman still experiences post-traumatic stress.   Only now he has a tragedy of his own to endure.    Work Cited Erdrich, Louise. "The Red Convertible." The Story and Its Writer. 5th ed. Ed. Ann Charters.   Boston: Bedford/St. Martin's, 1999. 460-67.

Michael Jordan: Beyond Personal Glory Essay -- Basketball Players Pape

Michael Jordan: Beyond Personal Glory Michael Jordan is the only athlete to have ever gained the middle name "Air" because of his unbelievable ability to soar through the sky before he smashes the ball through the rim. He has managed to defy all obstacles ever thrown his way within the sport of basketball, earning his reputation as the most competitive and determined player in the NBA. Over the span of Michael Jordan's 18 year long career in the NBA, he has enjoyed world wide attention and recognition as the ambassador of basketball. Jordan has influenced basketball players around the globe and, with his own shoes and clothing brand, along with his artistic way of handling himself on the court, has developed a style of his own within the sport. Michael Jordan can be considered the foremost leader of the enlightenment in the sport of basketball. I myself am the owner of two pairs of Jordan shoes, which I consider to be my favorite shoes, although I certainly realize that Jordan's merchandise is way too expensive and I along with the rest of the basketball fanatics am being suckered in to paying large sums of money for an image. Ever since I started my journey as a basketball player, Michael Jordan has been an idol and a role model for me to follow in my quest to reach my own goals as an athlete. I have devoured all the information about this man I could possibly attain and have been inspired by his life as a basketball player as well as a role model off the court. Many people characterize Michael Jordan as a typical athlete, who was successful within his sport, but because of his personal flaws and his self-destructive competitiveness never managed to exceed the level of other very competent and well known athle... ...el, Michael Jordan is a brand name." Nieman Reports, Vol. 53 Issue3, p41. Grimm, Mathiew. "Over Jordan." Brandweek, Vol. 40 Issue 6, p. 24. Hirsch, Phil. "Should his Airness be a Cultural Icon?" http://www.geocities.com/colosseum/Field/1307/newspaper.html. Lipsyte, Robert. Michael Jordan: A Life above the rim. New York, NY: Harper Collins,c1994. "Michael Jordan." American Decades CD-ROM. Gale Research, 1998. "Michael Jordan." Contemporary Black Biography, New York: Gale Group 1999. "Michael Jordan." Encyclopedia of World Biography, 2nd ed. New York: Gale Research,1998. "Jordan's Wife Juanita Files for Divorce." http://espn.go.com/nba/news/2002/0107/1307442.html. "Michael Jordan Foundation." http://www.delorisjordan.com/page/MJpage.html.Dec.1. "Michael Jordan." Notable Black American Men. New York: Gale Research, 1998.

Justice and Revenge in The Spanish Tragedy by Thomas Kyd Essay

Justice and Revenge in The Spanish Tragedy by Thomas Kyd Throughout 'The Spanish Tragedy', by Thomas Kyd, there is a constant theme of justice and revenge. Justice is the supreme law of the land; without justice, a country would fall into disrepute and those who are readily concerned with the status of society would have no grounds to stand upon. Therefore, those in power venerate justice. Revenge, however, upsets the delicate balance that holds Spanish society together. Hieronimo does his best to maintain a civil attitude towards incrimination and justice, but his plans for revenge lay waste to the very law he professes to adore. A series of carefully plotted steps, coupled with thoughts of revenge, reveals the descent of Hieronimo into madness and thereby fueling his rejection of justice. As Hieronimo contemplates his actions, he begins arguing with himself and the gods over the death of his son. He brings his case before the heavens questioning the effective nature of justice. This is the first instance where Hieronimo is doubtful of justice. Hieronimo states: If this inhuman and barbarous attempt, If this incomparable murder thus Of mine, but now no more my son, Shall unrevealed and unrevenged pass, How should we term your dealings to be just, If you unjustly deal with those that in your justice trust? (3.2.6-11) These lines provide the foundation for Hieronimo to seek out revenge instead of allowing the courts to decide the fates of the murderers of his son. Hieronimo is clearly angry and infuriated that the murderers have yet to be discovered. This is the moment ... ...l a facility of Hieronimo, he would have realized that killing others does not achieve a resolution, but propagates even further confusion and chaos. Revenge is a maliciously deviant instrument that seeks to redefine an imbalanced society, but ultimately fails due to its irrational nature. Hieronimo was unable to achieve justice for his son, Horatio, so he turned to the grim specter of revenge. Without justice, the Spanish society was unable to sustain itself and Hieronimo only further exacerbated this tension. In the end, Hieronimo was a victim of the very crime he pursued to bring to justice throughout the play: murder. By retracing the steps of Hieronimo, one can see that revenge eventually swallowed Hieronimo whole leaving him bereft of any moral fiber. Bibliography: Kyd, Thomas. The Spanish Tragedy. Ed. Philip Edwards. London: Methuen, 1959.

Factory Work Essay

In Deborah Boe’s â€Å"Factory Work† (n.d.) the author paints a picture of the monotonous and sometimes dangerous work that goes on in the life of a low income factory worker. The character remarks how the hot glue machine she works â€Å"ate† her shirt once, and how one of her co-workers used to have long hair until the machine â€Å"got† it. The character has been doing the same repetitive job over and over. Now she no longer needs to think about what she is doing and her mind wanders as she is working. While the character thinks that it isn’t bad in the factory, there is an overall sense of boredom and sadness with the life she leads. People from a low socioeconomic class such as the main character are often forced into dull monotonous jobs where they make enough money to survive but not to advance out of the system. As a result of her class, the character is willing to put up with the dangers, the lack of stimulation, and the threat of being lai d off because she is still bringing in a paycheck (Boe, n.d.). This poem reminds me of two monotonous jobs that I had right out of high school. Since I was just a teenager with no work experience and no marketable skills, I had very limited options in the jobs that I could get. The first job that I had was working part time as a tour guide at a pumpkin patch. I would sit on the hay wagon and collect the tickets of the passengers, and once we had enough people loaded the tractor would start up and take us around the farm. This is where the monotony would kick in. I had the speech so memorized that I could recite it perfectly several years after. I didn’t have to think about the words that were coming out of my mouth, I would just need to stand there and let the speech roll out. I think the cadence occupied more of my thoughts than the actual words. Even though the job was monotonous I still really enjoyed being outside and seeing people’s reactions to the farm. The second job I had that was monotonous was working fast food in the mall food court. This was my first real job working 8 hours a day 5 days a week. The quality of workforce they had can be gauged by the fact that the owner offered me a management position after my second day there. I spent hours and hours standing behind a hot grill, dropping meat and vegetables on as the order was called over the loud speaker. While this job required as much thought as the pumpkin patch did, here I felt like I was trapped inside my mind as I worked. At the pumpkin patch I could enjoy the sunshine, but in the mall you have very little understanding of what is going on outside. The sun could be shining, it could be raining, and it might be daytime or night time. In the mall you learn not to say good morning or afternoon because you’re never really that sure of the time. Your internal clock loses all perspective in the fake lighting. I would take working outside in real light any time. I can associate with the character in â€Å"Factory Work† (Boe, n.d.) because my socioeconomic class trapped me in a monotonous job.

British Mistakes During the Revolutionary War Essay

While thither are numerous contributing factors to the Statess success in achieving independence, the about(prenominal) critical factor sess be attributed to the series of British mistakes throughout the conflict. prior to the assault of the Revolutionary state of contendfare, the British disposal faced estimable challenges, both politically and fiscally. The conclusion of the French and Indian fight coupled with the fighting in Europe, India and the westerly Indies, left Britain with considerable debt and with few to piddling allies. The British presidency saw the States as a way to give revenue in order to serve well in its rec e rattlingplacey efforts. The fiscal tense in a post-war economy as well as various sexual struggles with foreign policy, bureaucratic processes and growing affect amongst its citizens regarding the war set the stage which in the long run ended in America defeating what was the near world-beaterful military in the world. The adjacent paragraphs address specific reasons as to wherefore the British failed to achieve and endure a strategicalalal advantage during the American Revolution. politics governanceFrom the onset of the war, the British failed to fork out a cohesive and unified strategic vision for the dispute with America. The organizational expression and political system was not oddly efficient in decision fashioning or policy put togetherwork impressiont. Decision do was lengthy and critical information and strategic decisions were done individually and often in a dispersed manner. This process considerably added to the frustrations held by the American colonialists. In addition, the British military neer had one fix leader to provide and everyplacesee a clear strategic direction of the war effort (Professor Carpenter, NWC lecture).There were often nature clashes in the midst of military restrainters, heads of state and early(a) influential mathematical functions not to mention th e far-flung corruption throughout all government entities which further complicated the situation. As a result of the French and Indian War, the British soldiery had as well as reduced the estimate of regiments. Both Naval and Army budgets were shortened resulting in less than half the rides than at the height of the previous war. The demands of defending a national guard as well as other critical areas such as Ireland and Gibraltar stretched forces and provided additional challenges (Professor Carpenter, NWC lecture).In addition, recruiting was also a problem, particularly for British regiments stationed in America. end-to-end the war the government experienced neat difficulty in obtaining sufficient men for the ranks. Again and again it was found unrealistic to complete the augmentation voted by parliament (Recruiting of Army, Chapter 3). These inside conflicts and issues led to poor command and pull wires and ineffective strategic leading which lacked gluiness and u nity. Failure to Understand the True temperament of WarIn order to adequately assess the British perspective of the American colonists, we must first explore the varying aspects of the environment. The British government struggled on how to sufficiently deal with the uprising in America. great power George III, a great believer in preserving the British imperial interests, believed a British consummation of brute force would force allegiance and submission. Although he himself didnt demand the authority, he tomboyed an agile role in persuading Parliament into taking challenge by overtaking various hear American cities. The British assumed this disposition of force would demolish motivation and secure the Americans to cooperate. This onset turn out to be flawed. The British didnt fancy that the American complaints come to on theories of constitution, economic independence and religious concepts.Supply Chain ManagementIn the case of the American Revolution, supply set up management will be approached from two different perspectives, the provisioning of military as well as the overall colloquy dodging with regard to logistics and movement of resources. Both play a critical and equally big role in any raise up and during the American Revolution both installd to be a detriment to the British forces. From early on the British were confronted with serious challenges with providing provisions for phalanx operating in America. During the war, British provisioning strategy relied heavily on sustainment support to come from the homeland. The three hundred0-mile depend on turn up to a tactical obstruction in feeding the troops as well as resupplying with ammunition, blankets, shoes and armament. ofttimes taking several months to arrive, the supplies arrived spoiled and unusable. gain amplifying the issue, the U.S. Continental Congress authorized levelheaded piracy which attributed to the seizing of over 300 British ships during the war.In ad dition to the resupply of troops, deficient and ineffective use of transportation resources small-scale British effectiveness on the battlefield. ascribable to poor planning and negligent communication between commanders, the various transport agencies utilize to resupply the British army struggled with prioritizing missions and did not in effect communicate with each other. In addition, independent decisions were made to keep units on-station to move troops vice sending rearwards to resupply. Misaligned drift plans and the lack of communication and collaboration among commanders resulted in a confused supply filament and complications for command and control. This eventually slowed logistics support to troops and reduced British sustainment on the battlefield.Failure to Maximize sea officeMahan advocates a successful navy must adopt and utilize an offensive strategy. From the onset of the American Revolution, the British did well in meeting this requirement and until the French entered the war, the British displayed an overwhelming nautical superiority over the Americans, largely due to the fact that the American colonists did not stomach any maritime forces. In the end, however, the British failed in sustain oceanic superiority when France and Spain entered the war. Their inability can be attributed to several critical areas chastening to adequately reinvest in the replenishment of its scud, mishap to train and equip its service members, and mishap to effectively leverage naval forces in key campaigns Saratoga and Yorktown in particular. The 3000 mile supply chain, limited resources, piracy and lack of synergy among leadership and transferral agencies did not allow for the British fleet to organize themselves for sustainment purposes nor establish, enforce and maintain sea power.Mahan maintains the two major strategies for a strong sea power is a powerful Navy and a roomy reaching commerce (Mahan, Sea Power, p. 539). In order to adequatel y defeat the opposite, Britain required to capitalize on the lack of naval power prior to Frances transfix into the war. By not taking provide steps to keep France out the war, the British effectively positioned themselves for failure. Mahan completely disagreed with how the British penalize naval warfare after the French and Spanish entered the war. He believed that the British should fox taken a more active approach in blockading European ports in order to bring the naval fight back to European soil.Mahan express the whole fortune of the war should at the first have been staked on a concentration of the English fleet between Brest and Cadiz. (Mahan, Sea Power, 415). It was his belief that this effort would have not only weakened the state-supported support for the war but would also bring the forces of the American allies back to Europe to contest the blockades. In addition, the British naval forces would also benefit from the much(prenominal) shorter supply chain in the point that their naval assets required repair. British leadership once again failed to see the strategic connection between sea power and the unified strategic vision (Carpenter, NWC Lecture).Identifying Centers of sombrenessA center of somberness is invariably found where the mass is concentrated most densely (On War, p.485). Correctly identifying the center of gravity or the hub of all power and movement, for which everything depends is ultimately the most critical part of defeating the enemy (On War, p. 596). Flawed identification can prove to be costly in call of resources, time and effectiveness on the battlefield. The British strategy during 1777-78 was to isolate colonies and systematically get down the enemy. In order to execute, the strategy refer identifying and targeting large conglomerates of go ups, in other manner of speaking attacking American cities. The British scholarship was by capturing cities like New York and Philadelphia the rebel forces would view this overtaking and inevitably force submission to the colonialist.The mistake in the British perception was identifying American cities as the centers of gravity. They failed to understand that the center of gravity was the Continental Army and the overwhelming public support for independence. This misapprehension was demonstrated by British common Howe when he attempted to seize Philadelphia in order to lure General working capital to fight.The problem was that he attempted this operation independently, diverging from the planned strategy of sharp off and controlling the waterways coming in from Canada. Howe failed to understand that the center of gravity for the American colonists did not lie within a city but more in popular support for independence. In addition, by not supporting the established planned, his actions ultimately contributed to the defeat in the Battle of Saratoga. This caseful not only exhibits how the British misapprehend the center of gravity but also sho ws the command and control issues the British had as well.Lack of Diplomatic Processarguably the most significant factor in Britains dying was the failure to treat diplomatically from the onset of the conflict and routinely throughout. As the French and Indian War winded down, the British Empire was grand, very pompous and displayed signs of arrogance. This overconfidence contributed to why they didnt show concern in addressing the demand of the American colonists more diplomatically. This allowed the colonist to slip of paper their focus to complete independence and prove their resolve for a representative democracy. Had they bust understood the American objections and drive, they could have taken a more proactive approach to amicably reach a consensus and the war may have been prevented.The Americans, on the other, knew the splendour of diplomatic relationships. This was demonstrated with the alliances they built with France, Spain and the Netherlands. These relationships proved to be a vital put of their strategy. The British Army had several advantages over the colonial forces size, training, experience, financial support, etc. by the international relations that were forged, America reaped some(prenominal) benefits of financial support, ammunitions, manpower and most importantly naval support. These relationships proved to be a decisive factor in the American victory.ConclusionOverall the British demise during the American Revolution can be attributed to several key areas lack of a unified strategy, limited to no command and control, lack of synchronization among troops, government organizational structure, untimely and unresponsive decision reservation and ineffective supply chain management. In addition, the adopted naval strategy failed to establish an effective naval strategy to subdue French and Spanish forces thereby increase difficulties on the battlefield. By not all the way understanding the nature war and never really defining an overarching objective, British leadership repeatedly encountered logistic and tactical challenges were proved to be fatal for their success.BibliographyCarpenter, NWC lecture trigger-happy Team Britain and the American War for emancipation Clausewitz, C. On War. Michael Howard and Peter Paret, eds. and trans. Princeton Princeton University Press, 1989. Mahan, A. T. The Influence of Sea Power Upon History, 1660-1783. New York Dover, 1987. The Recruiting of the Army. The Organization of the British Army in the American Revolution, Chapter 3. http//americanrevolution.org/britisharmy3.html.